How many emergencies are provided for in the Indian Constitution, and what are the types?

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Detailed Solution

The Indian Constitution provides for three types of emergencies under Part XVIII (Articles 352–360):

National Emergency (Article 352):
Declared when there is a threat to the security of India due to war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.
Example: Declared during the Indo-China war (1962) and Indo-Pak wars (1965, 1971).
State Emergency / President’s Rule (Article 356):
Imposed when the constitutional machinery in a State fails. The President assumes control of the State government.
Financial Emergency (Article 360):
Declared when the financial stability or credit of India is threatened. (No financial emergency has ever been proclaimed so far.)

These provisions empower the Union to act decisively in extraordinary situations, but they are subject to parliamentary approval and judicial review to prevent misuse.

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