Identify various effects of urbanisation from the list.
i. Air pollution ii. Water pollution iii. Soil pollution

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i only

ii and iii only

i, ii and iii

i and ii only

answer is C.

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Detailed Solution

The process of people and businesses relocating from rural areas like villages and towns to urban areas is known as urbanisation. This results in the expansion of urban areas and the emergence of cities.
Some of the most significant effects of urbanisation include:
- High levels of air pollution are a result of the combustion of fossil fuels in automobiles, factories, etc. This is harmful to the environment and human health. Due to high energy demand, there is an increase in greenhouse gas emissions that accelerate climate change.
- Water contamination due to wastewater discharge from different sources includes industrial pollutants, rainwater runoff, etc.
- Soil pollution is a result of urban expansion and road construction for which the vast forest areas are cleared off. This causes soil degradation, loss of fertile land, alteration of the water cycle, and loss of regional biodiversity.
- The extinction of wildlife and natural habitats, as well as the introduction of invasive species, cause damage to ecosystems.
- Waste is produced in significant quantities, including solid, wastewater, and hazardous waste, all of which need to be managed properly to protect the environment.

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