$I E_{2}$ for an element is invariably higher than $I E_{1}$ because:

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All the above

$Z_{e f f}$ is more for cation

It is difficult to remove electron from cation

The size of the cation is smaller than its atoms

answer is D.

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Detailed Solution

$I E_{2}$ for an element is higher than because after removal of 1^st electron. 2^nd electron is removed from the cation. The cation is smaller than its parent atom and it has greater effective nuclear charge $(Z_{e f f})$ than its parent atom.

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