In an ecosystem

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chemicals are recycled between the biotic and abiotic sectors, whereas energy makes a one-way trip through the food web

energy is usually captured from sunlight by primary producers, passed to secondary producers in the form of organic compounds, and lost to detritivores in the form of heat

there is a continuous process by which energy is lost as heat, and chemical elements leave the ecosystem through run-off

energy is recycled through the trophic structure

answer is C.

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Detailed Solution

The ecosystem is the interaction between living beings and their physical environment. The two most important characteristics of any ecosystem are energy flow and cycling of nutrients.

Energy flow is always unidirectional. Energy flows progressively from one trophic level to another, and cannot revert. In most of the natural ecosystems, energy comes from the Sun. The energy of the Sun is trapped by the producers, and is passed on to successive trophic levels in the form of food.

Nutrients are never lost in the ecosystem. They are recycled indefinitely. The movement of nutrient elements through the various components of an ecosystem is called nutrient cycling.

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