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Q.

In iodometric titrations, an oxidizing agent such as KMnO4K2Cr2O7CuSO4, H2O2 is allowed to react in neutral medium or in acidic medium which excess of potassium iodide to liberate free iodine KI + oxidizing agent I2
Free iodine is titrated against standard reducing agent usually with sodium thiosulphate i.e., 
K2Cr2O7+6KI+7H2SO4Cr2(SO4)3+4K2SO4+7H2O+I2                     2CuSO4+4KI Cu2I2+2K2SO4+I2                        I2+Na2S2O3  2NaI + Na2S4O6
In iodometric titrations, starch solution is used as an indicator. Starch solution gives blue or violet colour with free iodine. At the end point, blue or violet colour disappears when iodine is completely changed to iodide.

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Detailed Solution

Iodometric titration is an indirect redox titration method used to determine the concentration of oxidizing agents. The method involves two main steps where iodine plays a central role as an intermediary.

 

Common Oxidizing Agents

The following oxidizing agents can be analyzed using iodometric titration:

KMnO4
Potassium Permanganate
K2Cr2O7
Potassium Dichromate
CuSO4
Copper Sulfate
H2O2
Hydrogen Peroxide
 
Step 1: Liberation of Iodine

Reaction with Potassium Iodide

The oxidizing agent is allowed to react in neutral or acidic medium with excess potassium iodide (KI). This liberates free iodine (I2).

Important: Excess KI is used to ensure complete reaction of the oxidizing agent.
General Reaction
KI + Oxidizing agent I2
 
Step 2: Titration of Free Iodine

Reduction with Sodium Thiosulphate

The free iodine (I2) liberated in the first step is titrated against a standard reducing agent, usually sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3).

Titration Reaction
K2Cr2O7 + 6KI + 7H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 + 7H2O + I2
2CuSO4 + 4KI Cu2I2 + 2K2SO4 + I2
Indicator: Starch Solution
 

Starch as Visual Indicator

Starch solution is used as an indicator in iodometric titrations. It forms a deep blue or violet complex with free iodine.

Blue/Violet Color Colorless

At the end point: When all the iodine is completely converted to iodide (I-), the blue or violet color disappears, indicating the completion of the titration.

Key Chemical Equations

Iodine with Thiosulphate

I2 + 2Na2S2O3 2NaI + Na2S4O6

Iodine is reduced to iodide, and thiosulphate is oxidized to tetrathionate.

 

Remember:

• The oxidizing agent must react in neutral or acidic medium
• Excess KI ensures complete liberation of iodine
• Starch is added near the end point for better visibility
• The disappearance of color marks the end of titration

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