In plants without fruits that enclose seeds, sexual reproduction is referred [[1]].

Plants that prefer sexual reproduction but do not have structures like fruits to enclose seeds are called gymnosperms. Gymnosperms are a group of seed-bearing plants that produce seeds without enclosing them in fruit. The seeds of gymnosperms are usually found on the surface of cones or scales and are not enclosed within an ovary like the seeds of angiosperms (flowering plants). Examples of gymnosperms include conifers such as pine, spruce, and fir trees, as well as cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes.