In the British period, new opportunities opened up for people who came from castes that were regarded as "low".

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Schools for lower-caste and tribal children were first established by Christian missionaries in the nineteenth century. These children were given some tools to help them navigate a changing world. At the same time, the poor began to leave their villages in search of new jobs in cities. There was work in upcoming factories as well as jobs in municipalities. There were new labour demands as drains had to be dug, roads had to be laid, buildings had to be built, and cities had to be cleaned. Coolies, diggers, carriers, bricklayers, sewage cleaners, sweepers, palanquin bearers, and rickshaw pullers were all needed. The poor from villages and small towns, many of whom belonged to lower castes, began to migrate to cities, where there was a new demand for labour. Some moved to plantations in Assam, Mauritius, Trinidad, and Indonesia. The army also provided opportunities. Several Mahars, who were considered untouchable, found employment in the Mahar Regiment.

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