Q.

In which of the following the male and female gametophytes do not have an independent free living existence? 

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a

Bryophytes and pteridophytes 

b

Bryophytes  

c

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

d

Algal and fungal members

answer is C.

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Detailed Solution

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In gymnosperms and angiosperms, the male and female gametophytes are highly reduced and are not independent of the sporophyte generation. The male gametophyte is reduced to only a few cells, which are enclosed within the pollen grain. Similarly, the female gametophyte is also highly reduced and is often restricted to just a few cells that are enclosed within the ovule. In both gymnosperms and angiosperms, the sporophyte generation is dominant and has a long-lived, independent existence.

In contrast, in bryophytes, algal, and fungal members, the gametophytes are the dominant phase of the life cycle and have an independent, free-living existence. In pteridophytes, free living gametophyte is present though the dominant phase is a sporophyte.

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In which of the following the male and female gametophytes do not have an independent free living existence?