Inductive effect involves the partial displacement of

The inductive effect involves the partial displacement of σ-bonded (sigma-bonded) electrons, either in the presence or absence of a reagent.

This effect arises due to differences in electronegativity between atoms, causing a shift in electron density along the sigma bonds. Consequently, a permanent dipole is established within the molecule.

Therefore, the correct option is:

c) σ-bonded electrons either in the presence or in the absence of reagent