Is BCG used for bladder cancer treatment and how?

Yes, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a common treatment for early-stage bladder cancer. It is given directly into the bladder using a catheter in a process called intravesical therapy. BCG acts as an immunotherapy, helping your immune system recognize and destroy cancer cells. The treatment uses weakened live bacteria from the tuberculosis vaccine to trigger this immune response.

How BCG Treatment Works

1. Direct instillation: The doctor inserts a catheter into your bladder and introduces the BCG liquid solution.
2. Immune system activation: Cells in the bladder lining absorb the BCG bacteria, prompting your immune system to respond.
3. Immune cell recruitment: The body sends immune cells—such as T cells and macrophages—to the bladder to fight what it sees as an infection.
4. Cancer cell destruction: While fighting the BCG bacteria, these immune cells also attack and destroy cancer cells in the bladder.
5. Holding period: The solution stays in the bladder for about two hours to allow enough interaction between BCG and the bladder lining.
6. Maintenance therapy: Treatment is typically done in multiple sessions and may include maintenance doses over time to reduce the risk of cancer returning.

Important Considerations

• Side effects: Common effects include mild flu-like symptoms (fever, chills, fatigue) and urinary discomfort such as burning, frequent urination, or slight bleeding.
• Not for everyone: People with weakened immune systems should avoid BCG since it contains live bacteria that could cause infection.
• Safety measures: After each session, patients must take precautions for around six hours when urinating to prevent spreading the bacteria.