Q.

Let p, q, r  be positive real numbers, not all equal, such that some two of the equations  px2+2qx+r=0,qx2+2rx+p=0,rx2+2px+q=0, have a common root, say α,  then which of the following is/are the correct statement(s)  

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a

α  is real and negative.

b

The third equation has non-real roots.

c

The third equation has real roots.

d

α  is real and positive.

answer is A, B.

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Detailed Solution

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Consider the discriminants of the three equations
px2+qr+r=0     (1)
qx2+rx+p=0     (2)
  rx2+px+q=0   (3)
 Let us denote them by  D1,D2,D3 respectively. Then we have
  D1=4(q2rp),D2=4(r2pq),D3=4(p2qr).
 We observe that
  D1+D2+D3=4(p2+q2+r2pqqrrp)
 =2{(pq)2+(qr)2+(rp)2}>0
since p, q, r are not all equal. Hence at least one of  D1,D2,D3 must be positive. We may  assume D1>0 .
Suppose  D2<0 and  D3<0. In this case both the equations (2) and (3) have only non-r eal roots and equation (1) has only real roots. Hence the common root  α  must be between  (2) and (3). But then α¯  is the other root of both (2) and (3). Hence it follows that (2) and  (3) have same set of roots. This implies that
    qr=rp=pq
Thus  p=q=r contradicting the given condition. Hence both D2  and  D3 cannot be  negative. We may assume D20 . Thus, we have
    q2rp>0,r2pq0
These two gives
    q2r2>p2qr
since p, q, r are all positive. Hence, we obtain qr>p2  or  D3<0. We conclude that the  common root must be between equations (1) and (2).
Thus 
  pα2+qα+r=0
  qα2+rα+p=0
Eliminating α2 , we obtain
 2(q2pr)α=p2qr
Since  q2pr>0 and p2qr<0 , we conclude that α<0 .
The condition   implies that the equation (3) has only non-real roots.
Alternately one can argue as follows. Suppose  α is a common root of two equations, say,  (1) and (2). If α  is non-real, then  α¯ is also a root of both (1) and (2). Hence The  coefficients of (1) and (2) are proportional. This forces p=q=r , a contradiction. Hence  the common root between any two equations cannot be non-real. Looking at the  coefficients, we conclude that the common root α  must be negative. If (1) and (2) have  common root  α, then  q2rp and r2pq . Here at least one inequality is strict for q2=pr   and r2=pq  forces p=q=r . Hence q2r2>p2qr . This gives  p2<qr and  hence (3) has nonreal roots.

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