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Q.

List Key Examples of Homologous Organs in Vertebrates

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Detailed Solution

Homologous organs are organs that share a common structural plan and embryonic origin but perform different functions in different organisms. They indicate a shared ancestry and divergent evolution among species.

Key Examples:

Organ TypeVertebrate ExamplesFunction
ForelimbsHuman arm, bat’s wing, whale’s flipper, cat’s legGrasping, flying, swimming, walking
Pentadactyl limb structureFound in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammalsCommon five-digit limb pattern, modified for various uses
Vertebrate heartFish (two chambers), amphibian (three chambers), mammals (four chambers)Gradual complexity shows evolutionary advancement
Brain regionsForebrain in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammalsSimilar origin, varied functions and development
Skull bonesSimilar pattern across vertebratesModified according to feeding and sensory needs
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