List ores typically treated by calcination and by roasting

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Detailed Solution

Calcination treats carbonates and hydroxides (e.g., limestone, dolomite, smithsonite, cerussite, bauxite). Roasting treats sulfides (e.g., sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite).

Rule of thumb

Calcination: Remove CO₂/H₂O without full oxidation. Best for carbonates and hydrated ores.
Roasting: Oxidize sulfides to oxides or sulfates in air before reduction or leaching.

Common examples by process

Process	Ore name	Formula	Main purpose
Calcination	Limestone	CaCO₃	Make CaO (lime) + CO₂
Calcination	Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂	Make CaO + MgO + CO₂
Calcination	Smithsonite	ZnCO₃	Make ZnO + CO₂
Calcination	Cerussite	PbCO₃	Make PbO + CO₂
Calcination	Siderite	FeCO₃	Make FeO + CO₂ (often further oxidizes)
Calcination	Bauxite (gibbsite)	Al(OH)₃	Dehydroxylate to Al₂O₃ + H₂O
Roasting	Sphalerite	ZnS	Oxidize to ZnO + SO₂
Roasting	Galena	PbS	Oxidize to PbO + SO₂ (then reduce/convert)
Roasting	Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂	Partial roast to remove S and oxidize Fe
Roasting	Chalcocite/Bornite	Cu₂S/Cu₅FeS₄	Desulfurize before smelting
Roasting	Pyrite	FeS₂	Make Fe₂O₃ + SO₂ (acid production)