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Q.

List structural differences between afferent and efferent neurons?

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Detailed Solution

Afferent neurons (sensory) and efferent neurons (motor) have distinct structures suited to their functions.

  • Afferent neurons carry signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS). They are typically unipolar or bipolar, meaning the cell body is off to the side of the main axon. Their dendrites receive stimuli (like touch or temperature) from receptors, and the long axon sends the signal toward the spinal cord or brain. The cell bodies of afferent neurons cluster in dorsal root ganglia near the spinal cord.
  • Efferent neurons carry signals from the CNS to muscles or glands. They are usually multipolar, with multiple dendrites branching from the cell body to integrate input before sending a command through a single long axon. Their cell bodies lie inside the ventral horn of the spinal cord or brainstem.
    Structurally, afferent neurons specialize in receiving and transmitting external information, while efferent neurons specialize in responding by triggering movement or secretion. Their wiring direction, cell body position, and shape make the nervous system a two-way communication network — sensing the environment and acting on it efficiently.
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