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Matrix:

Column I

Column II
(a)
Uppermost layer of soil
(i)
Black soil
(b)
New alluvial soil
(ii)

Topsoil
(c)

(d)

(e)

Regur soil

Land with many gullies and ravines

Land degradation
(iii)
(iv)

(v)
Overgrazing

Khadar

Bad Land

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a-ii; b-iv; c-i; d-v, e-iii

a-iii; b-ii; c-i; d-iv, e-v

a-i; b-iii; c-iv; d-ii; e-v

a-v; b-iv; c-iii; d-ii; e-i

answer is A.

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Detailed Solution

1)      The uppermost layer of the soil is called topsoil. This layer contains sand, silt, clay, and humus. This layer helps in the cultivation of various crops.
2)      New alluvial soil is also said to be khadar, as this soil contains fine particles which are drained from the Himalayan rivers. This soil is very fertile and best for agriculture.
3)      Regur soil is also known as black soil due to its colour and texture. Regur of black soil is best suitable for the cultivation of cotton.
4)      Land with many gullies and ravines is terrible because of its uneven land structure and significantly less fertility. In these areas, cultivation is not possible.
5)      Land degradation is caused by overgrazing of cattle. The overgrazing of cattle results in the removal of the topmost layer of the soil, which is relatively fertile and valuable for the cultivation process.

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