Phenol does not react with ${\mathrm{NaHCO}}_3$  because of the reason that

In simple words we can say that bicarbonate is a weak base and Phenol is a weak acid, hence they do not react with each other. Secondly, Phenol is less acidic ${\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{CO}}_3$ than  therefore  ${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{⊝}$can’t pick the proton form Phenol.