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Q.

Pinus seed cannot germinate and establish without fungal association. This is because

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a

its seeds contain inhibitors that prevent germination

b

its embryo is immature

c

it has obligate association with mycorrhizae

d

it has very hard seed coat

answer is C.

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Detailed Solution

A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association of a fungus with a root system. Some plants like Pinus have an obligate association with the mycorrhizae.The fungal filaments form a network around the young root or they penetrate the root cells. The hyphae have a very large surface area that absorb mineral ions and water from the soil from a much larger volume of soil that perhaps a root cannot do. The fungus provides minerals and water to the roots, in turn the roots provide sugars and N-containing compounds to the mycorrhizae.  Therefore, Pinus seeds cannot germinate and establish without the presence of mycorrhizae.

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