Raymond Lindman’s ‘Ten per cent law’ of ecosystem ecology states that

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only ten per cent of the energy is lost as heat energy between successive trophic levels

only ten per cent of the energy is transferred from each trophic level to the next trophic level

only ten per cent of the incident solar radiation is photosynthetically active

plants capture only ten per cent of the photosynthetically active solar radiation

answer is D.

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Detailed Solution

Raymond Lindman’s ‘Ten per cent law’ states that only ten percent of the energy consumed by one trophic level is passed on to the next trophic level. The remaining ninety percent of the energy is lost due to metabolic processes such as respiration, excretion, and movement. This means that each higher trophic level has less energy available to it than the trophic level below it. Therefore, ecosystems can only support a limited number of trophic levels, and food chains or food webs cannot be too long. This law helps us understand the efficiency of energy transfer in ecosystems and the importance of conserving energy at lower trophic levels.

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