Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

The Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators. They were so valuable that in 1755 when the Mataram kingdom of Java split, the 6,000 Kalang families were equally divided between the two kingdoms. Without their expertise it would have been difficult to harvest teak and for the kings to build their palaces. When the Dutch began to gain control over the forests in the eighteenth century, they tried to make the Kalangs work under them. In 1770, the Kalangs resisted by attacking a Dutch fort at Joana, but the uprising was suppressed.

Who gained control over the Java Forests in the eighteenth century?

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The Germans

The Indians

The British

The Dutch

answer is D.

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Detailed Solution

In the 18th century, the Dutch took control of the Java jungles in Indonesia. Similar to the British in India, the Dutch too needed forest products for trade. They saw the necessity for control over both the territory and the populace. In the eighteenth century, as the Dutch started to take over the woodlands, they attempted to subjugate the Kalangs. The Kalangs attempted to rebel in 1770 by attacking a Dutch fort at Joana, but the revolt was put down.

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