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The main characteristic of commercial farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity. The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another. For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is a Subsistence crop plantation and is also a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area. The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry. Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital, intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers. All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries. In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc are important plantation crops. Tea in Assam and North Bengal coffee in Karnataka are some of the important plantation crops grown in these states. Since the production is mainly for market, a well developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and markets play an important role in the development of plantations.

Why commercial farming and plantation farming have limited presence in India?

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Low return

Low land holding

In favourable climatic conditions

All of the above

answer is B.

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Detailed Solution

Commercial and plantation farming have a limited presence in India due to a lack of landholding. Commercial agriculture includes plantation farming. It needs to farm vast swaths of land to maximise profit and productivity. This form of farming necessitates a significant quantity of both capital and labour. Rubber, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, and other crops are grown on plantations. The biggest source of concern for Indian agriculture is the diminishing size of land holdings, which could jeopardise the industry's long-term viability. In India, the decline in average land holdings is putting a strain on the country's agriculture. Land ownership restrictions have compounded the problem.

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