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The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro, whose inhabitants were broadly known as the slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans, together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, made this region very explosive. All through the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire sought to strengthen itself through modernization and internal reforms but with very little success. One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared Independence. The Balkans people based their claims for Independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers. Hence, the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost Independence.
What did the Ottoman Empire seek to strengthen itself through?

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Modernization

Internal reforms

Both (1) and (2)

Mass movements

answer is C.

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Detailed Solution

The Ottoman Empire seeks to strengthen itself through modernization and internal reforms.
Despite the Ottoman empire's international position, the empire launched a period of internal reform known as the Tanzimat, significantly strengthening the Ottoman central state. The reform and modernization movement in the empire began with the announcement of the Nizam-I Cedid (New Order) during Sultan Selim III's reign. It was punctuated by many reform decrees, such as the Hatt-Arif of Gülhane in 1839 and the Hatt- Hümayun in 1856. As a result, during the nineteenth century, the Ottoman state grew more powerful and centralized, wielding more control over its people than at any other time in history.

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