Removal of topsoil by wind or water is called
(a) weathering
(b) leaching
(c) soil erosion
(d) siltation

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Detailed Solution

Correct answer: (c) Soil erosion

Soil erosion is the removal of the upper fertile layer of soil (topsoil) by agents like wind or running water. This layer contains most nutrients and organic matter, so its loss reduces soil fertility and harms plant growth.

(a) Weathering – Breakdown of rocks into soil in place; it does not mean the soil is carried away.
(b) Leaching – Downward movement of dissolved nutrients through soil with percolating water, not removal of the topsoil itself.
(d) Siltation – Deposition of fine soil particles (silt) in rivers, lakes, or reservoirs; it is the settling stage after erosion and transport, not the removal from land.

Final answer: (c) Soil erosion.

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