The velocity of sound is significantly influenced by the medium through which it propagates, as sound waves rely on the interaction between particles to transfer energy. The speed of sound is primarily affected by two factors: the density of the medium and the elasticity of the material.

In solids, the particles are tightly packed in a fixed arrangement, which facilitates efficient transmission of vibrational energy from one particle to the next. This closely packed structure allows sound waves to travel at a much higher velocity in solids compared to liquids or gases. For example, sound travels faster in materials like steel or glass than in air or water.

Why Sound Travels Faster in Solids

• High Elasticity: Solids generally have higher elasticity (the ability to return to their original shape after deformation) compared to liquids and gases. This property ensures that the energy transfer between particles occurs more quickly, resulting in a higher velocity of sound.
• Dense Particle Arrangement: In solids, particles are closely packed together, which minimizes the distance over which vibrations need to travel. This compact structure contributes to the efficient propagation of sound waves.
• Comparative Behavior in Liquids and Gases: While liquids also have a relatively dense particle arrangement compared to gases, their particles are not as rigidly connected as those in solids. In gases, the particles are spread far apart, resulting in slower energy transfer and, consequently, a lower speed of sound.