Q.

State second law of thermodynamics. How is heat engine is different from a refrigerator?

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answer is 1.

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Detailed Solution

Second law consists of two statements
1) Kelvin–planck statement: It is impossible to construct any machine to transfer total heat energy into work.
2) Claussius statement: Heat can not flow from a cold body to hot body by itself.
3) Heat engine: A device which converts heat energy into work is called heat engine.

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Block diagram of heat engine:
The essential parts of the heat engine are
1) Source : It is a body at higher temperature T1K. Heat (Q1) is taken from the source.
2) Working substance : In steam engine the working substance is steam. In diesel engine the working substance is mixture of fuel and air.
3) Sink : It is a body at lower temperature. It absorbs heat (Q2) rejected by the working substance.
Efficiency : The ratio of workdone by the engine to the amount of heat absorbed (Q1) is called efficiency.
η=WQ1=Q1Q2Q1=1Q2Q1 (or) η=1T2T1
Refrigerator: The refrigerator is the heat engine working in the backward direction.

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In refrigerator the working substance absorbs (Q2) amount of heat from the sink and external work done (W) is done on the working substance and finally amount of heat (Q1) is rejected to the source.
Efficiency of the refrigerator is called coefficient of performance (β) of the refrigerator.
β=Q2W=Q2Q1Q2=T2T1T2

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