Tendency for M(s)→M(aq)3++3e− is highest for

As we move from B to Al, the sum of the first three ionization enthalpies of Al considerably decreases and is therefore able to form Al3+ ions. In fact, aluminium is a highly electropositive metal. However, down the group, due to poor shielding effect of intervening d and f orbitals, the increased effective nuclear charge holds ns electrons tightly (responsible for inert paireffect) and thereby, restricting their participation in bonding. As a result of this, only p-orbital electron may be involved in bonding. In fact in Ga, In and Tl, both +1 and +3 oxidation states are observed.

Tendency for M(s)→M(aq)3++3e− is highest for

As we move from B to Al, the sum of the first three ionization enthalpies of Al considerably decreases and is therefore able to form Al3+ ions. In fact, aluminium is a highly electropositive metal. However, down the group, due to poor shielding effect of intervening d and f orbitals, the increased effective nuclear charge holds ns electrons tightly (responsible for inert paireffect) and thereby, restricting their participation in bonding. As a result of this, only p-orbital electron may be involved in bonding. In fact in Ga, In and Tl, both +1 and +3 oxidation states are observed.

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Tendency for $M_{(s)} \to M_{(aq)}^{3 +} + 3 e^{-}$ is highest for

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Detailed Solution

As we move from B to Al, the sum of the first three ionization enthalpies of Al considerably decreases and is therefore able to form Al³⁺ ions.
In fact, aluminium is a highly electropositive metal.
However, down the group, due to poor shielding effect of intervening d and f orbitals, the increased effective nuclear charge holds ns electrons tightly (responsible for inert pair
effect) and thereby, restricting their participation in bonding.
As a result of this, only p-orbital electron may be involved in bonding.
In fact in Ga, In and Tl, both +1 and +3 oxidation states are observed.

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