The avalanche breakdown in p-n junction is due to

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Shift of Fermi level

Cumulative effect of conduction band electron

Widening of forbidden gap

High impurity concentration

answer is B.

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Detailed Solution

Concept- In this question, use the concept of avalanche breakdown, which happens when a high reverse voltage is applied across the diodes.
Consider the ramifications of using such a high potential in the reverse region. This will help you figure out what the best solution is to this problem. The avalanche breakdown in the p-n junction is caused by the cumulative effect of conduction band electrons. Electrons gain enough energy from the applied electric field to free more electrons bound to the atom in reverse bias. The cumulative effect is the formation of a large number of electron-hole pairs for conduction.
Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.

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