The destitute from rural areas and small towns, as well as individuals from low castes, started migrating to urban areas during the 19th century since there was a fresh need for [[1]].

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The destitute from rural areas and small towns, as well as individuals from low castes, started migrating to urban areas during the 19th century due to a fresh need for labour. Others travelled to work on plantations in Indonesia, Trinidad, Mauritius, Assam, and Mauritius. It gave the underprivileged and members of low castes a chance to escape the oppressive control that higher caste landlords had over them and the everyday humiliation they endured. For children from "lower" castes and tribal communities, Christian missionaries started opening schools simultaneously. Non-Brahman castes began organising protests against caste prejudice and requesting social justice and equality.

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