The disproportionately large presence of upper castes' among the urban middle class is an indication that:

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Disadvantaged groups are not benefiting from constitutional safeguards

The caste groups that had access to education under the old system continue to benefit under the new system as well

Upper castes have migrated in large numbers from rural to urban centers

Since the opportunities have increased to the disadvantaged groups in rural areas, their number is less in urban areas

answer is B.

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Detailed Solution

●        In early India, the entire education system operated on the specific system of the institution called the Gurukul System of Education.
●        In Gurukul's system, Brahmin Gurus or teachers taught children from only three higher castes of Aryan society, namely, Brahmin, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas.
●        Education for non-Aryans was maintained in darkness.
●        The disproportionate presence of 'higher castes' within the urban middle class indicates that the group of castes that had access to education under the former system continues to benefit under the new system as well.
●        The politician and above all the higher caste group benefit from the policies through various techniques forged.

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