The main reason(s) for the nationalist upsurge in 19th century Europe was/were

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Culture played an important role in creating the idea of a nation

Romantic artists created a sense of common cultural heritage

Emphasis on vernacular language

All of the above

answer is D.

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Detailed Solution

The culture created the idea of a nation, Romantic artists created a sense of common cultural heritage, and emphasis on vernacular language - these were some of the major causes of the nationalist upsurge in 19th-century Europe.

War and territorial expansion were not the sole factors in the rise of nationalism. Culture played an important role. Art, poetry, storytelling, and music contributed to the expression and shaping of nationalist sentiment, which was crucial in forming the nation-state.

Romanticism was a cultural movement that aimed to foster a certain form of nationalism, in addition to helping to revive a historic national spirit.

The emphasis on vernacular language and the gathering of local folklore spread the modern nationalist message to the broad, uneducated audience.

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