The merchants in the 17th and 18th centuries engaged with the countryside due to:

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Trade guilds in urban areas.

Monopoly over production by guilds.

Restricted entry of new people in the trade.

All of the above.

answer is D.

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Detailed Solution

The merchants in the 17th and 18th centuries engaged with the countryside due to trade guilds in urban areas; there was a monopoly over production by guilds and restricted entry of new people in the trade.
The expansion of trade impeded the rise of new merchants in England. But in the towns, the business was monopolized by the guilds who didn’t allow newcomers. The guilds were involved in the training of artisans, production management, regulation of prices, etc. It was difficult for the new merchants to establish themselves in the towns. So the merchants turned to the countryside. They made links with the peasants and artisans and asked them to produce goods for an international market. The merchants carried out the procurement, transportation, and exchange of commodities—this was phasedown as proto-industrialization.

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