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Q.

The minimum number of elements that must be added to the relation R ={(a,b), (b,c), (b,d)}
on the set {a,b,c,d} so that it is an equivalence relation is 

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answer is 13.

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Detailed Solution

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Let  A={a,b,c,d}
Given R={(a,b),(b,c),(b,d)}
We can made R as equivalence
We have to add order pairs (a,a), (b,b), (c,c), (d,d), (b,a), (c, b), (d, b), (a, c), (c, a), (c, d),
(d, c)
(a, d), (d, a)
Then R = {(a,a), (b,b), (c,c), (d,d), (b,a), (c, b), (d, b), (a, c), (c, a), (c, d), (d, c), (a, d),
(d, a)}
Then R is equivalence
Minimum number of ordered pairs = 13

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