The nineteenth century was a period of controversies between religious reformers and Hindu orthodoxy over questions of [[1]], idolatry, and monotheism.

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Since the beginning of the nineteenth century, religious issues have been the subject of heated debate. Different groups responded to the changes occurring within colonial society in various ways, offering a variety of new interpretations of religious beliefs. Some criticised existing practises and advocated for reform, while others refuted reformers' arguments. These debates took place both in public and in print. Not only did printed tracts and newspapers spread new ideas, but they also shaped the nature of the debate. The general public can now participate in these public debates and express their opinions. These disagreements gave birth to new ideas. This was a period of heated debates between social and religious reformers and Hindu orthodoxy over issues such as widow immolation, monotheism, the Brahmanical priesthood, and idolatry. As the debate in Bengal went on, more and more pamphlets and newspapers came out with different arguments.

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