The pattern of biodiversity is affected by which of the following

A. Latitudinal gradient

B. Altitudinal gradient

C. Species-area relationship

The species distribution is affected by area, latitude and altitude. Some of the general observations are:

Biodiversity increases as one moves away from the equator towards the poles.

Biodiversity decreases as one moves up the mountain away from the plains (increasing altitude).

Biodiversity increases with increasing area but only up to a limit. In fact, the relation between species richness and area for a wide variety of taxa turns out to be a  rectangular hyperbola.