The permanent hardness of water is due to the presence of

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soluble salts of magnesium or/and calcium other than bicarbonates

bicarbonates of calcium or/and magnesium

soluble salts of alkali metals

dissolved carbon dioxide

answer is A.

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Detailed Solution

Both transient and long-term water hardness can be eliminated by sodium carbonate. Calcium and magnesium carbonates are insoluble, whereas sodium carbonate is soluble.
When the calcium and magnesium ions in the water interact with the carbonate ions from sodium carbonate, insoluble precipitates are created.

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