The phase of the moon occurs because

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We can see only that part of the moon which reflects light towards us.

Our distance from the moon keeps changing.

The shadow of the earth covers only a part of the moon’s surface.

The thickness of the moon’s atmosphere is not constant.

answer is A.

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Detailed Solution

Phases of the moon occur because we can see only that part of the moon which reflects light towards us.
The moon revolves around the earth in its orbit. Sun is the principal source of light. Hence, the part of sunlight reflected after falling on the moon is visible to us as phases. So we can see only that part of the moon which reflects light towards us. The part of the moon facing toward the sun is illuminated. The part facing away from the sun will be in darkness.

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