The Prarthana Samaj was founded in the year and the Veda Samaj in the year

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The Prarthana Samaj was founded in the year 1867, and the Veda Samaj in the year 1864. To eradicate caste discrimination, forbid child marriage, advance women's education, and end the ban on widow remarriage, the Prarthana Samaj was established in Bombay in 1867. In its religious gatherings, texts from the Hindu, Buddhist, and Christian traditions were read. The Bhakti tradition, which claimed that all castes were spiritually equal, was supported by the Prarthana Samaj. The Veda Samaj, established in Madras (Chennai) in 1864, was inspired by the Brahmo Samaj. It worked to eliminate caste disparities and encourage widow remarriage and women's education. They believed that only one God was real. They criticised conventional Hinduism's rituals and superstitions.

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