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Q.

The second ionization energies of elements are always higher than their first ionization energies because:

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a

it is easier to remove electron from cation

b

cation formed always have stable half filled or completely filled valence shell electron configuration

c

ionization is an endothermic process

d

the cation is smaller than its parent atom

answer is A.

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Detailed Solution

First ionisation energy is when an electron is removed from a neutral atom. Second ionisation energy is when an electron is removed from a positive atom, where electrons are more securely linked due to a stronger attraction force.

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