What are the characteristics of matter and what are the classifications of matter?

The characteristics of matter are the basic features that describe its physical nature, and matter is classified mainly into solids, liquids, and gases based on these features. Matter is everything around us that has mass and takes up space. From the air we breathe to the water we drink and the chair we sit on, all are forms of matter. To understand matter, we must study both its characteristics and classifications.

Characteristics of Matter

• Has Mass: Matter always has weight and mass.
• Occupies Space: Matter takes up volume, no matter how small.
• Made of Particles: Matter is made up of tiny atoms and molecules.
• Can Exist in States: It exists as solid, liquid, or gas.
• Can Change State: Heat or cooling can change solid to liquid, liquid to gas, etc.
• Can Be Perceived: We can see, touch, or measure matter.

Classifications of Matter

Matter can be classified in two major ways:

1. Based on Physical State

• Solid: Fixed shape and volume, particles tightly packed.
• Liquid: Fixed volume but no fixed shape, particles loosely arranged.
• Gas: No fixed shape or volume, particles move freely.
• Plasma: Found in stars, lightning, and neon lights.
• Bose-Einstein Condensate: Special state at extremely low temperatures.

2. Based on Composition

• Elements: Pure substances like oxygen, iron, gold.
• Compounds: Substances formed by two or more elements, like water (H₂O).
• Mixtures: Physical combination of elements/compounds, like salt water or air.