What are the homologous pair of chromosomes?

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Detailed Solution

Homologous pairs of chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes in a diploid cell that carry the same genes at the same location but may have different versions (alleles). Chromosomes are structures that carry genetic information in the form of DNA. In humans and many organisms, chromosomes occur in pairs called homologous chromosomes. These pairs play an important role in inheritance and cell division.

Definition

A homologous pair consists of two chromosomes, one inherited from the mother and one from the father. They are similar in shape, size, and genetic content but may contain different gene variations.

Characteristics of Homologous Chromosomes

Each pair has the same length and centromere position.
They carry the same type of genes at the same loci.
One chromosome comes from the maternal side, the other from the paternal side.
They can have different forms of the same gene, called alleles.

Example in Humans

Humans have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. Out of these:

22 pairs are autosomes (homologous in both sexes).
1 pair is the sex chromosomes (XX in females, XY in males).

Role in Cell Division

Meiosis: Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material during crossing over, increasing genetic variation.
Mitosis: They ensure equal distribution of genetic material to daughter cells.