What are the main real-world applications of nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology is already a part of many real-world products and is a key area of research for future advancements. Its applications span almost every industry:

• Medicine: This is one of the most promising fields. Nanoparticles are used for targeted drug delivery, where a "nanocarrier" delivers medicine directly to a cancer cell while ignoring healthy cells. It is also used in advanced diagnostics, medical imaging (as contrast agents), and anti-bacterial coatings for surgical tools.
• Electronics: Modern computer chips have components (transistors) that are well below 100 nm. Nanotechnology allows for faster, smaller, and more power-efficient processors. Materials like graphene (a 2D nanomaterial) and quantum dots (used in QLED TVs) are results of nanotechnology.
• Consumer Goods: Many products use nanomaterials.
  • Sunscreens: Nano-sized zinc oxide (ZnO) or titanium dioxide (TiO₂) are transparent to visible light (so they're not white and pasty) but are highly effective at blocking harmful UV rays.
  • Fabrics: Nanowhiskers on clothing create a surface that repels water and stains, leading to "stain-resistant" textiles.
• Energy: Nanotechnology is being used to create more efficient and cheaper solar cells, higher-capacity batteries, and new methods for hydrogen fuel production and storage.
• Materials: Adding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to other materials (like plastics or metals) can make them significantly stronger, lighter, and more durable, which is useful in aerospace, automotive, and sporting goods.