What are the modifications that are observed in birds that help them in flight?

The major flight adaptations which make them “masters of air” are:

• Feathers
• Wings
• Powerful breast musculature for flight
• Pneumatic bones (bones with air cavities)
• Sternal keel (or) carina for attachment of flight muscles
• Endothermy with high metabolic rate
• Lungs with 9 air sacs
• Absence of urinary bladder