What are the reasons for the nationalist upsurge in 19 century Europe?

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The general public faced oppression.

Renowned philosophers and leaders spread liberal ideas.

French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that created a sense of collective identity.

All of the above.

answer is D.

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Detailed Solution

The emergence of nationalism in 19th-century Europe was influenced by several reasons, including the general public experiencing oppression. In addition, famous thinkers and authorities promoted liberal viewpoints, and the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that created a sense of collective identity.
The phrase "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity" became the ordinary people's rallying point. Students and other educated middle-class people started forming Jacobin clubs as soon as word of the events in France spread throughout Europe's cities. The French armies started exporting nationalism with the start of the Revolutionary War.

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