What enzymes do saprophytes secrete during decomposition?

Saprophytes release special enzymes into their surroundings to break down dead organic matter. These enzymes turn large, complex molecules into smaller, soluble nutrients that the organisms can absorb. 

Key enzymes include proteases, lipases, amylases, and cellulases. Others, like laccases and peroxidases, help break down lignin in wood, while phosphatases and glucosidases release nutrients and carbon for growth.

Enzymes for Breaking Down Major Organic Compounds

• Proteases: split proteins into amino acids.
• Lipases: break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
• Amylases: convert starch into simple sugars.
• Cellulases: digest cellulose, the main part of plant cell walls.

Enzymes for Decomposing Complex Wood

• Ligninolytic enzymes (like laccases, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase) break down lignin, the tough material in wood.

Enzymes for Nutrient Cycling and Carbon Acquisition

• Glucosidases (such as beta-glucosidase) release simple sugars from more complex carbohydrates, giving quick energy.
• Phosphatases (acid and alkaline types) free up phosphorus by mineralizing organic compounds, making it usable as a nutrient.

How Saprophytes Use These Enzymes

1. Secretion: Fungi and bacteria release enzymes outside their cells.
2. External Digestion: Enzymes break down dead matter in a process called extracellular digestion.
3. Absorption: The simple nutrients are absorbed through the cell wall or hyphae to fuel growth and survival.