What factors determine an organism's maximum life span?

An organism’s maximum life span is largely determined by genetics, but environmental and physiological factors also play roles. Genetic factors include DNA repair efficiency, cellular aging processes, and telomere length shortened telomeres limit cell division, capping lifespan. Species with robust DNA maintenance systems, like certain turtles or whales, tend to live longer. Metabolic rate also matters. Animals with slower metabolisms, such as elephants, often live longer because their cells accumulate damage more slowly. Environmental influences, including diet, stress, toxins, and habitat stability, can either extend or shorten potential lifespan. For example, organisms in safe, resource-rich environments may reach their genetic limit, while those facing predation or disease rarely do. In essence, maximum life span is the intersection of biology and environment—the genetic blueprint sets the limit, while external factors decide how close an organism gets to it. Research into these influences helps scientists understand aging and longevity across species.