What hormones does the pineal gland produce?

The pineal gland mainly produces one crucial hormone — melatonin, which controls the body’s sleep–wake cycle. Melatonin is made from serotonin, a neurotransmitter derived from the amino acid tryptophan. As darkness sets in, the pineal gland increases melatonin secretion, signaling the body to prepare for rest. When daylight returns, melatonin levels drop, helping you stay awake and alert.

Melatonin influences not just sleep but also body temperature, blood pressure, and seasonal biological rhythms. For example, animals use melatonin changes to regulate breeding seasons, while in humans, it helps manage jet lag and sleep disorders.

Apart from melatonin, the pineal gland also secretes small amounts of other substances such as pineal peptides and serotonin, though their roles are still being researched. Some studies suggest these compounds may support mood regulation, immune function, and antioxidant defense.

Overall, the pineal gland’s hormonal activity is essential for maintaining balance between wakefulness and rest. Healthy melatonin production depends on exposure to natural light, a regular sleep schedule, and limited nighttime screen use. When melatonin levels are disrupted, people may experience insomnia, fatigue, or mood imbalances.