What is archaeology?

Archaeology is the scientific study of human history and prehistory through the excavation and analysis of material remains such as artifacts, monuments, tools, and pottery. Archaeologists uncover buried sites to reconstruct how ancient people lived, worked, and interacted with their environment. The discipline helps fill gaps left by written records, especially for prehistoric times. For example, excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro revealed detailed insights into the Indus Valley Civilization. Archaeology connects the material past with historical interpretation, enabling a factual understanding of civilizations, cultural evolution, and technological progress over thousands of years.