What is dichotomous branching?

Dichotomous branching (or fork branching) is a typical feature of liverworts. In this process, the apical meristem splits into two equal parts, forming two independently functioning branches. In angiosperms, this is considered a primary branching form in some plant families.

In dichotomous branching, the terminal bud divides equally into two branches. These branches are not formed from axillary buds but can arise from any part of the plant. Some angiosperms, such as cacti, show this type of branching.

Types of Dichotomous Branching

1. Monopodial Branching
   • The central axis continues to grow while lateral branches remain smaller or underdeveloped.
   • Seen in beech trees.
   • Plants often appear pyramidal in shape.
2. Sympodial Branching
   • The growth of the terminal bud stops.
   • An axillary bud develops into a new shoot called a renewal shoot.
   • Example: Joshua tree.
   • The structure often resembles a candelabrum.