What is one negative impact that microbes can have on human welfare?

Microbes can have negative impacts on human welfare, such as causing infections, diseases, and food spoilage. Pathogenic microbes, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, can cause a range of illnesses in humans, from mild infections like the common cold to more severe illnesses like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and COVID-19. In addition, some microbes can cause food spoilage, making food unsafe to eat and leading to economic losses for farmers and food producers. While microbes can also have many positive impacts on human welfare, it is important to manage their presence and prevent the spread of harmful pathogens through proper hygiene and sanitation practices.