What is the crop’s average yield per hectare?

Crop yield varies widely, but on average, major cereals like wheat yield about 3.5–4.0 tonnes per hectare, rice about 3.0–3.8 tonnes, maize around 2.5–3.0 tonnes, and pulses about 1.0 tonne per hectare. Horticultural crops like onions average 20–25 tonnes per hectare under good management. 

Yield depends on several factors—seed variety, fertilizer use, irrigation, pest control, and local climate. For example, improved high-yielding wheat varieties under irrigation in Punjab can produce up to 5 tonnes per hectare, while rain-fed areas get much less. Precision farming techniques, drip irrigation, and balanced fertilization have improved productivity across many states. 

Adoption of hybrid seeds and mechanization has also narrowed the yield gap between states. Government schemes promoting soil-health cards, micro-irrigation, and farmer training continue to enhance yield potential. However, yields in India remain below global averages due to small landholdings, input constraints, and uneven rainfall distribution, indicating the need for sustainable intensification.