What is the difference between RNA and DNA?

DNA(Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid) are two fundamental nucleic acids that play distinct roles in the storage and expression of genetic information. While both are polymers of nucleotides, their structures, functions, and locations in the cell differ significantly.

Key Differences:

• Structure: DNA is typically double-stranded, forming a stable double helix, while RNA is usually single-stranded. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, whereas RNA contains ribose.
• Bases: DNA has four nitrogenous bases—adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil (U), so its bases are adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.
• Function: DNA serves as the long-term storage of genetic information, acting as a blueprint for all cellular processes. It is self-replicating, ensuring genetic continuity during cell division. RNA, on the other hand, is involved in various roles related to gene expression, including carrying genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes (messenger RNA), forming part of the ribosome (ribosomal RNA), and bringing amino acids for protein synthesis (transfer RNA).
• Location: DNA is primarily confined to the cell nucleus (and mitochondria), whereas RNA is found in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
• Stability: DNA is more chemically stable due to its double-stranded structure and the absence of a reactive hydroxyl group on the sugar. RNA is less stable and more prone to degradation, making it suitable for temporary roles in the cell.
• Replication: DNA can replicate itself, ensuring the transmission of genetic information. RNA is synthesized from DNA as needed and does not self-replicate.

Understanding these differences is essential for grasping how genetic information is stored, transmitted, and expressed in living organisms.